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and skim off the trash; a good handy pump will pour the contents of fuch a ciftern into a gutter, and convey it to the ftill in about twenty minutes. Good liquor when properly fermented will blaze like weak low wines on the head of the still.

Having fhewn the different proportions for mixing of liquors, I fhall next fhew an easy and exact method of calculating them without meafuring the liquors; if the vats or cifterns are equally round or fquare at bottom and top, let the exact depth with a rod be taken, and that divided into an hundred equal parts, and marked fo on the rod; then if molaffes be thrown into a ciftern until it is eight of thofe parts deep, confequently, let it be ever fo large, that is eight per cent.; again, if skimmings be put in until it is thirty-eight parts deep, that is thirty per cent, of skimmings; and if lees be put in till it is fixtyeight parts deep, that will be thirty per cent. of lees, and the reft of water will be thirty-two per cent.

Some diftillers throw in the fweets at different times, and make fuch mixtures that keep working on flowly for fixteen, eighteen, or twenty days; but fuch I am convinced know nothing about diftillation; the generality of adventurers in the planting line, who have any hopes of preferment, think attention to the diftill-house a menial part of plantership; and when they become cowfkin heroes, or managers,

are

are totally ignorant of inftructing their overfeers or negroes in fo interefting a branch.

The heads of the ftills fhould be well luted; for negroes are often negligent, and great part of the fpirits may evaporate; the worms too should be kept as cool as poffible; a flow fire is the best: for if the spirit is hurried, and runs hot, it will not only waste, but will have a disagreeable flavor, fomething like low wines.

Jamaica rum is reputed the beft that is made in the Weft-Indies, because it is the ftrongeft, and commonly finks a bubble of twenty-four; the rum in all the other British islands might be made equal to that of Jamaica, but it is the fault of the planters in mixing the first runnings of the low wines with the rum, till it only finks a bubble of twenty-fix, twenty-feven, or twenty-eight. Those who wish to have pure good rum for their own ufe, (fuch as managers, because they loofe nothing by it) rectify even Jamaica rum, by putting two puncheons in the ftill, mixing it with water and diftilling it over again; the middle part of the runnings is beft.

Rum improves vaftly in flavour, but weakens in ftrength, by air and frequent wreckings into different veffels. Porter cafks, porter, and the dregs of porter, will improve rum ; will improve rum; also tea, and temper lime, about two quarts of the latter to each puncheon; burnt Mufcovado fugar will colour it,

Here

Here let me obferve the vast expence which attends establishing a sugar plantation, fuppofing keeping only one hundred acres conftantly under canes. The mill, boiling, and curing-houses, and diftill-houfe, with all the conveniencies belonging to them, fuch as coppers, ftills, vats, cifterns, refervoirs, gutters and pumps, manager's house, stores, &c. &c. will cost about 8,000l.; one hundred and forty flaves will coft about 6000l. more; and if there is not the convenience of water to the mill, and the plantation is far from the fhipping-place, there will be forty good mules, and about one hundred oxen, always required on the estate, which will cost about 3000l. and will require a good convenient grafs-penn to feed them; finding the flaves in food, and fome fort of cloathing, and keeping up their number still as they die, as also that of cattle and mules, and finding plantation implements, is attended with no small expence annually; fay 8,00l.: fuppofing the plantation and penn to contain three hundred acres, at 30l. per acre, (which is very cheap,) they will amount to 9,000l. more; all which fums amount to 26,000l. at the lowest computation; (indeed, any sort of good plantation with flaves and ftock, &c. will coft 30 or 40,000l.); which fum of 26,000l. at 8 per cent. interest is 20801. which, added to the annual expence, is 28801. Now, fuppofing the eftate to be well managed, and to make upon an average one hundred and fixty hogfheads of good Mufcovado fugăr yearly,

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and eighty puncheons of rum, the fugar to net at 151. fterling per hogfhead, and the rum at 121. per puncheon, both will amount to 33601. fterling; from which, deducting the annual expence, the remainder is 480l. in favour of the planter; which is by no means equal to the risque he runs of hurricanes, droughts, &c. &c.; fo that in my humble opinion, a fugar plantation should be no defirable object for a man to feek after. Any man with four or five thousand pounds may get poffeffion of a plantation, flaves, &c. by compounding to pay the remainder of the value in annual in ftalments, and giving a mortgage by way of fecurity on the estate; and after he has exhaufted all his property thereon, it is taken from him or his heirs in the end, and fold to pay off debts: I fay, there is very little difficuty in getting poffeffion of an eftate, but a great deal to keep it.

I shall next prove clearly, that a grafs-penn, or farm, is a better property, and is attended with lefs trouble and expence than a fugar plantation. Not many years ago, grafs-penns were confidered as despicable objects for enterprizing adventurers to hunt after, nor would any man accept the management of one who had any hopes of preferment on fugar plantations, because the salaries and accommodations were equally indifferent; fo that managers of grafs penns were confidered as friendlefs; nor would thofe of fugar plantations, or even the overfeers, affociate with them; but latterly there has been fuch improvements all over the country in

the

thecultivation of Guinea grafs, and fuch emoluments arifing therefrom, that managers are as much encouraged on penns as on fugar plantations. Guinea grafs will grow on the most fandy deferts or mountains; the method of planting it is. as follows:-The ground being prepared by clearing it of fhrubbery and grafs against the first of May, and holed at every three or four feet diftance, as soon as the feasons set in the grass is taken and planted, fix or feven blades in a hole, and in fome, weeks after cleared and moulded. When three or four hundred acres of land is properly fenced round and divided into different lots, the major part of which is planted with Guinea grafs, and when it is properly ftocked, it will yield a clear annual profit of 1000l. fterling. Four hundred acres of rough uncultivated land, at 10l. per acre; two good English ftallions, at 501. each; fifty breeding mares, at 201. each; two jack-affes, at 201. each; two bulls, at 151. each; feventy cows, at 151. each; three hundred sheep, at 20s. each; would be confidered a good ftock, and amount to 6520l.; twenty negroes, at 401. each; the manager's house and ftores, ftables, fhades, and penes, fuppofe to coft 2500l. all which added, is 98201.; but fuppofing the whole to coft 12,000l. which is not half the price of a fugar plantation, the interest of which is 960l. A colt will fell for 30, 40, 50, or 60l. an ox for 201. a fat fheep for 40s. and after the first four or five years, I fhould fuppofe a penn of this kind would annually have

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