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mass of mountains, . . . from which spring many peaks, a part of them volcanoes." The Rand-McNally Atlas says that Bolivia "embraces the centers of the mountain system of South America." However, such a great territory includes also much valuable land for grazing and cultivation, besides the valuable forests and the great wealth that is known to exist in the mountains in the deposits of the precious metals.

As to the climate Johnson says that five regions of variation are counted from mountain heights to valleys-the higher very cold and nonproductive, the temperate producing barley, wheat, potatoes, corn, and the fruits of the temperate zone, while the tropical lower portions produce all the tropical plants and fruits. The staple crops raised are barley, potatoes, oats, rice, cotton, sugar cane, coffee, tobacco, cacao, indigo, bananas, and Brazil nuts. The forests produce gums, resins, medicinal roots, and barks, cabinet woods, cinchona, cocoa, etc. Also petroleum awaits development.

Authorities agree that the mineral output can be made very large. They say that it is still, "after centuries of mining, one of the rich silver bearing countries of the world." The silver mines of Potosi are estimated to have produced in the past "two thousand million dollars, and are believed to be inexhaustible," says the Manifold Encyclopedia. Also "gold, copper, lead, tin, salt, and sulphur are abundant."

Rand-McNally states that "the gold washing along the Tipuani River often reveals curious tools which were used by the workmen of the ancient Incas." Also, "Just southeast of LaPaz is a region. which has yielded much gold dust and gold quartz, and the giant Illimani Mountain is believed to be rich in that metal. The lake at its base has already yielded nuggets of pure gold." Johnson says that there are many mines of gold and silver," and also large beds of copper, tin, quicksilver, lead, iron, salt and excellent coal."

In the Review of Reviews for November, 1908, Mr. Charles M. Pepper, United States Commissioner in the Department of Commerce and Labor, writes of Bolivia, and here I will give a few of his statements. He says that next to the Malay Straits Bolivia is the world's chief source of the tin supply. In 1899, the output was four thousand and three hundred tons, and in 1906 seventeen thousand tons, a large increase. The Malay mines produced fifty-seven thousand tons, but he says that the tin mines of Bolivia have only been worked on the surface, and "many known deposits are yet untouched."

He mentions the great silver mines which by modern methods may yet be worked for centuries, and the copper deposits which he says are very valuable. Also he adds, "The Lake Titicaca oil fields are rich." This lake is on the border between Peru and Bolivia. It is one hundred and fifteen miles long, and each country has about equal part in it. In another place he says that Bolivia is "a storehouse of mineral wealth," and that good transportation facilities are needed for "Bolivia's vast mineral resources."

But Johnson's Encyclopedia mentions one great disadvantage

about Bolivia. It says that "education is at a low ebb." There are four universities, but very few good schools. Illiteracy prevails.

CHILI.

The shape of Chili is probably the most singular of all national possessions on the earth. It extends thirty-seven degrees north and south, and measures two thousand six hundred miles in length. This is almost exactly the same as an air line from New York City to San Francisco would measure. It is but a narrow strip on the Pacific below Peru, for its width in the main varies from fifty to over one hundred miles. Near the north end is a part that for three hundred miles is two hundred and fifty miles wide.

Mr. John Barrett, the official engaged in the affairs of the southern republics whom I have before quoted, says in World To-day for April, 1908, that this 2,600 miles is also as far as from the southern end of California away up through that State and Oregon and Washington and on north to the middle of Alaska. Its surface area is three hundred thousand square miles.

An editorial in Review of Reviews for April, 1910, states as follows:

"Chili is traversed by the main range of the Andes on the east and by the coast range on the west, and the basin region between is in certain parts many miles in width. This basin region is particularly well defined in northern Chili, and is known as the Pampa. It is extremely arid and rain is very rare, frequently none falls for three or four years. "It is here that the principal nitrate deposits are situated.... The Chilian government is wise in its day and generation. Owning the largest deposits of sodium nitrate on the face of the globe, it retains possession of all the nitrate lands on the public domain and sells them at public auction as occasion demands. In 1898 the total value of exported nitrate was eighty-five million, three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, ($85,350,000) an enviable asset for any country to have on its list."

The amount exported that year was two million tons. Sodium nitrate is used most largely in the world as an agricultural fertilizer, but it is also used in the manufacture of nitric acid, which is an important factor in nitroglycerine and dynamite, also other explosives. Niter, an essential component of gunpowder, is made from it.

The World To-day states that "the enormous wealth of the nitrate fields brings to Chili a vast revenue, and although the nation is well provided with railroads yet it is now working on one which is intended to run the entire length of the country."

The climate is said to be remarkably healthy. The good soil for cultivation is in the central and southern parts, where wheat, barley, maize, hemp, and potatoes are raised. Thirty million bushels of wheat per year has been produced in Chili. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, and oranges are plentiful. But the rainfall is great and hailstorms are common. The northern portion is subject to long droughts.

(To be concluded.)

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THE REAL QUESTION.-Little Bessie-"Mamma, how'll I know when I'm naughty?"

Mother "Your conscience will tell you, dear."

Little Bessie "I don't care about what it tells me-will it tell you?"-Harper's Magazine.

WOULD CAUSE LESS TROUBLE.-A fond mother in Valparaiso, hearing that an earthquake was coming, sent her boys to a friend in the country, so that they might escape it. In a few days' time she received a note from the friend, saying:

"Take your boys away and send along the earthquake."-Judge.

The Children's Hour.

Between the dark and the daylight,

When the night is beginning to lower,
Comes a pause in the day's occupations,
That is known as the Children's Hour.

I hear in the chamber above me
The patter of little feet,

The sound of a door that is opened,
And voices soft and sweet.

From my study I see in the lamplight,
Descending the broad hall stair,
Grave Alice and laughing Allegra,
And Edith with golden hair.

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EDITOR'S CORNER

AUTUMN LEAVES is published monthly for the youth of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Price $1.00 per year in advance. Herald Publishing House, Lamoni, Iowa.

ELBERT A. SMITH, Lamoni, Iowa.

People Whom Jesus Commended.

III. THE POOR WIDOW.

"And there came a certain poor widow, and she threw in two mites, which make a farthing. And he called unto him his disciples, and saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, that this poor widow hath cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury: for all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living."Mark 12: 42-44.

Four verses at the close of the twelfth chapter of Mark present a very striking and interesting picture. Here are a group of men, with Jesus of Nazareth in their midst, sitting over against the temple treasury in Jerusalem, observing the men and women who came to cast their money into the treasury.

The disciples are impressed by the fact that there "are many rich" who "cast in much." They especially notice men of means who cast in jingling coins and are not at all unconscious of the public applause. They murmur their praise at some especially munificent gift. But presently comes one

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poor widow, timidly, and without ostentation, to cast in her two mites, about one third of a cent. There is only one who notices. her. Of what value is a third of a cent to the temple service? But suddenly the startled ears of the disciples hear these words, uttered by their Master: "This poor widow hath cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury."

Jesus was the only man there who noticed the widow's gift. His philosophy must have sounded unworldly, if not absurd, to his hearers.

Why did he commend the widow above them all? Because he

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