Blacks and the MilitaryRowman & Littlefield, 01/02/2011 - 190 من الصفحات For much of the nation's history, the participation of blacks in the armed forces was approximately in line with their proportion in the total population. This changed during the 1970s: by 1980 one of every three Army GIs and one of every five marines were black. The reaction has been mixed. Many Americans look with approval on the growth of black participation in military service, since it often affords young blacks educational, social, and financial opportunities that constitute a bridge to a better life not otherwise available to them. But for other Americans, the opportunities are outweighed by the disproportionate imposition of the burden of defense on a segment of the population that has not enjoyed a fair share of the benefits that society confers. From this perspective, the likelihood that blacks would suffer at least a third—and perhaps a half—of the combat fatalities in the initial stages of conflict is considered immoral, unethical, or otherwise contrary to the percepts of democratic institutions. Some also worry that military forces with such a high fraction of blacks entail risks to U.S. national security, A socially unrepresentative force, it is argued, may lack the cohesion considered vital to combat effectiveness. Others fear that such a force would be unreliable if it were deployed in situations that would test the alliance of its minority members. And some have even expressed concern that a large proportion of blacks may raise questions about the status of U.S. fighting forces, as judged by the American public, that nation's allies, and its adversaries. The authors of this book examine evidence on both sides of the issue in an effort to bring objective scrutiny to bear on questions that for many years have been loaded with emotion and subjective reactions. They also discuss the implications for the military’s racial composition of demographic, economic, and technological trends and the possible effects of returning to some form of conscription. Brookings Studies in Defense Policy |
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عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
administration Air Force All-Volunteer Force appendix table aptitude tests Armed Services Army Army's Assistant Secretary black males black soldiers Black White Black black youth civilian combat Commission Congressional Budget Office conscription data provided Defense Manpower Data Department of Defense Derived from data Division draft economic educational effect eligible employment entry test ethnic Executive Order 9981 Female Fiscal GI Bill high school graduates Ibid increase Infantry integration issue Male Enlisted Personnel Manpower Data Center Marine Corps military occupational specialty military service minorities Morris Janowitz Moskos national service Navy Negro Manpower number of blacks participation percent black percentile performance population problems proportion of blacks provided by Defense qualified Race racial composition racial mix recruits reenlistment Report Research Reserve Affairs Secretary of Defense Selective Service System September 1981 skills social specialist test scores U.S. armed forces unemployment rate units Vietnam White Black White World War II young blacks