Biblical and Pagan SocietiesUniversity of Pennsylvania Press, 2001 - 168 من الصفحات In the ancient Near East, the art of influencing the natural course of events by means of spells and other ritual forms was universal. The social and political role of magic is apparent, too, in the competition to achieve precedence over rival systems of ritual practice and belief. Within a region filled with petty kingdoms competing for power, the Jews of ancient Palestine maintained control over adherents by developing distinct ritual practices and condemning as heretical those of nearby cults. Texts from Mesopotamia reveal a striking number of incantations, rituals, and medical recipes against witchcraft, attesting to a profound fear of being bewitched. Magical rituals were also used to maintain harmony between the human and divine realms. The roots of European witchcraft and magic lie in Hebrew and other ancient Near Eastern cultures and in the Celtic, Nordic, and Germanic traditions of the continent. For two millennia, European folklore and ritual have been imbued with the belief in the supernatural, yielding a rich trove of histories and images. Witchcraft and Magic in Europe combines the traditional approaches of political, legal, and social historians with a critical synthesis of cultural anthropology, historical psychology, and gender studies. The series, complete in six volumes, provides a modern, scholarly survey of the supernatural beliefs of Europeans from ancient times to the present day. Each volume of this ambitious six-volume series contains the work of distinguished scholars chosen for their expertise in a particular era or region. |
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... Sumerian , and the culture of the early civilization has therefore been claimed as Sumerian . However , despite lengthy debate , no final agreement or definite solutions have been reached concerning the date when this people settled in ...
... Sumerian Literature The oldest Sumerian literary texts date from the middle of the third millennium BC . Among them are myths , hymns , epics , proverbs , wisdom texts and incantations , but reading them is difficult , especially ...
... Sumerian texts ; on the contrary , the narrative has always , in some way or other , been changed . Scholarly works from the Old Babylonian period are , on the other hand , rather few , the most outstanding being collections of omens ...