 | Carol Lancaster - 1999 - عدد الصفحات: 328
...problems include defining "effectiveness" of aid; isolating the impact of an aid intervention; determining the counterfactual (that is, what would have happened in the absence of the aid); and estimating the fungibility of aid — the substitutability of aid resources for other resources... | |
 | Samia Amin, Jishnu Das, Markus Goldstein - 2007 - عدد الصفحات: 340
...onset of a program and only on program participants implies that one is not able to estimate a credible counterfactual (that is, what would have happened in the absence of the program) and, therefore, the common parameters that are of interest in the evaluation literature relying... | |
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Quantitative methods are less prone to such subjectivities in interpretation, though not entirely free of them. Fourth, because of an inability to "control" for other mitigating factors or to establish the counterfactual (that is, what would have happened... 