An effective 'Teaching Service' I do consider that there must be; some Education Secretary, Captain-General of Teachers, who will actually contrive to get us taught. Then again, why should there not be an 'Emigration Service,' and Secretary, with adjuncts, with funds, forces, idle Navy-ships, and ever-increasing apparatus; in fine an effective system of Emigration; so that, at length, before our twenty years of respite ended, every honest willing Workman who found England too strait, and the Organisation of Labour' not yet sufficiently advanced, might find likewise a bridge built to carry him into new Western lands, there to 'organise' with more elbow-room some labour for himself? There to be a real blessing, raising new corn for us, purchasing new webs and hatchets from us; leaving us at least in peace ;—instead of staying here to be a Physical-Force Chartist, unblessed and no blessing! Is it not scandalous to consider that a Prime Minister could raise within the year, as I have seen it done, a Hundred and Twenty Millions Sterling to shoot the French; and we are stopt short for want of the hundredth part of that to keep the English living? The bodies of the English living; and the souls of the English living :-these two 'services,' an Education Service and an Emigration Service, these with others will actually have to be organised! A free bridge for Emigrants: why we should then be on a par with America itself, the most favoured of all lands that have no government; and we should have, besides, so many traditions and mementos of priceless things America has cast away. We could proceed deliberately to 'organise Labour,' not doomed to perish unless we affected it within year and day; -every willing Worker that proved superfluous, finding a bridge ready for him. This verily will have to be done; the Time is big with this. Our little Isle is grown too narrow for but the world is wide enough yet for another Six Thousand Years. England's sure markets will be among new Colonies of Englishmen in all quarters of the Globe, All men trade with all men, when mutually convenient; and are even bound to do it by the Maker of men. Our friends of China, who us; EDUCATION AND EMIGRATION. 243 guiltily refused to trade, in these circumstances,-had we not to argue with them, in cannon-shot at last, and convince them that they ought to trade! 'Hostile Tariffs' will arise, to shut us out; and then again will fall, to let us in: but the Sons of England, speakers of the English language, were it nothing more, will in all times have the ineradicable predisposition to trade with England. Mycale was the Pan-Ionion, rendezvous of all the Tribes of Ion, for old Greece: why should not London long continue the All-Saxon-home, rendezvous of all the Children of the Harz-Rock,' arriving, in select samples, from the Antipodes and elsewhere, by steam and otherwise, to the 'season' here!-What a Future; wide as the world, if we have the heart and heroism for it,-which, by Heaven's blessing, we shall: 'Keep not standing fixed and rooted, Head and hand, where'er thou foot it, That the world was made so wide.' Fourteen hundred years ago, it was by a considerable 'Emigration Service,' never doubt it, by much enlistment, discussion and apparatus, that we ourselves arrived in this remarkable Island, and got into our present difficulties among others! It is true the English Legislature, like the English People, is of slow temper; essentially conservative. In our wildest periods of reform, in the Long Parliament itself, you notice always the invincible instinct to hold fast by the Old; to admit the minimum of new; to expand, if it be possible, some old habit or method, already found fruitful, into new growth for the new need. It is an instinct worthy of all honour; akin to all strength and all wisdom. The Future hereby is not dissevered from the Past, but based continuously on it; grows with all the vitalities of the Past, and is rooted down deep into the beginnings of us. The English Legislature is entirely repugnant to believe in 'new epochs.' The English Legislature does not occupy itself with epochs; has, indeed, other business to do than looking at the Time-Horologe and hearing it tick! Nevertheless new epochs do actually come; and with them new imperious peremptory necessities; so that even an English Legislature has to look up, and admit, though with reluctance, that the hour has struck. The hour having struck, let us not say 'impossible: '—it will have to be possible! Contrary to the habits of Parliament, the habits of Government?' Yes: but did any Parliament or Government ever sit in a Year Forty-three before? One of the most original, unexampled years and epochs; in several important respects, totally unlike any other! For Time, all-edacious, and all-feracious, does run on: and the Seven Sleepers, awakening hungry after a hundred years, find that it is not their old nurses who can now give them suck! For the rest, let not any Parliament, Aristocracy, Millocracy, or Member of the Governing Class, condemn with much triumph this small specimen of 'remedial measures;' or ask again, with the least anger, of this Editor, What is to be done, How that alarming problem of the Working Classes is to be managed? Editors are not here, foremost of all, to say How. A certain Editor thanks the gods that nobody pays him three hundred thousand pounds a year, two hundred thousand, twenty thousand, or any similar sum of cash for saying How; -that his wages are very different, his work somewhat fitter for him. An Editor's stipulated work is to apprise thee that it must be done. The way to do it,' is to try it, knowing that thou shalt die if it be not done. There is the bare back, there is the web of cloth; thou shalt cut me a coat to cover the bare back, thou whose trade it is. Impossible? Hapless Fraction, dost thou discern Fate there, half-unveiling herself in the gloom of the future, with her gibbet-cords, her steelwhips, and very authentic Tailor's Hell; waiting to see whether it is possible?' Out with thy scissors, and cut that cloth or thy own windpipe. Past and Present, p. 355. WHAT SOCIETY EXISTS FOR. 245 WHAT SOCIETY EXISTS FOR. One thing, which the British reader often reads and hears in this time, is worth his meditating for a moment: That Society 'exists for the protection of property.' To which it is added, that the poor man also has property, namely, his labour,' and the fifteenpence or three-and-sixpence a day he can get for that. True enough, O friends, for protecting property;" most true: and indeed if you will once sufficiently enforce that Eighth Commandment, the whole 'rights of man' are well cared for; I know no better definition of the rights of man. Thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not be stolen from: what a Society were that; Plato's Republic, More's Utopia mere emblems of it! Give every man what is his, the accurate price of what he has done and been, no man shall any more complain, neither shall the earth suffer any more. For the protection of property, in very truth, and for that alone! -And now, what is thy property? That parchment titledeed, that purse thou buttonest in thy breeches-pocket? Is that thy valuable property? Unhappy brother, most poor insolvent brother, I, without parchment at all, with purse oftenest in the flaccid state, imponderous, which will not fling against the wind, have quite other property than that! I have the miraculous breath of Life in me, breathed into my nostrils by Almighty God. I have affections, thoughts, a god-given capability to be and do; rights, therefore, the right for instance to thy love if I love thee, to thy guidance if I obey thee the strangest rights, whereof in church-pulpits one still hears something, though almost unintelligible now; rights, stretching high into Immensity, far into Eternity! Fifteenpence a day; three-and-sixpence a day; eight hundred pounds and odd a day, dost thou call that my property? I value that little; little all I could purchase with that. For truly, as is said, what matters it? In torn boots, in soft-hung carriagesand-four, a man gets always to his journey's end. Socrates walked barefoot, or in wooden shoes, and yet arrived happily. : -- They never asked him, What shoes or conveyance ? never, What wages hadst thou? but simply, What work didst thou? -Property, O brother? Of my very body I have but a liferent.' As for this flaccid purse of mine, 'tis something, nothing; has been the slave of pickpockets, cut-throats, Jewbrokers, gold-dust-robbers; 'twas his, 'tis mine; 'tis thine, if thou care much to steal it. But my soul, breathed into me by God, my Me, and what capability is there; that is mine, and I will resist the stealing of it. I call that mine and not thine; I will keep that, and do what work I can with it: God has given it me, the Devil shall not take it away! Alas, my friends, Society exists and has existed for a great many purposes, not so easy to specify! Chartism, p. 58. GIRONDIN REVOLUTIONISTS. There is a class of revolutionists named Girondins, whose fate in history is remarkable enough! Men who rebel, and urge the Lower Classes to rebel, ought to have other than Formulas to go upon. Men who discern in the misery of the toiling complaining millions not misery, but only a rawmaterial which can be wrought upon, and traded in, for one's own poor hide-bound theories and egoisms; to whom millions of living fellow-creatures, with beating hearts in their bosoms, beating, suffering, hoping, are 'masses,' mere 'explosive masses for blowing down Bastilles with,' for voting at hustings for us: such men are of the questionable species! Chartism, p. 93. THE ONE INSTITUTION. Who can despair of Governments that passes a Soldier's Guardhouse, or meets a redcoated man on the streets! That a body of men could be got together to kill other men when |