...problems in the context of new product development face two obstacles. The first is uncertainty, which is "the difference between the amount of information...task and the amount of information already possessed" (Galbraith, 1977). The second is equivocality, "the existence of multiple and conflicting interpretations...

...that lead to defined changes in misfit can be identified. For example, Galbraith (1977: 36-37) defines uncertainty as "the difference between the amount...information already possessed by the organization " (italics in original). "Information required" is the value of the variable specified by the designer;...

...uncertainty and equivocality (El-Shinnawy and Markus 1992). Uncertainty refers to "the difference between amount of information required to perform the task...information already possessed by the organization". Equivocality refers to ambiguity and multiple, conflicting interpretations of situations (Weick 1979)....

...increases until the hierarchy is overloaded. From the organizational viewpoint Galbraith (1973) defines uncertainty as the difference between the amount of...information already possessed by the organization. An organization can reduce the number of exceptions that occur by simply reducing the required level...

...between interdependent parties and between the superior and subordinate. As the task uncertainty — the difference between the amount of information required...to perform the task and the amount of information possessed by the person performing the task-increases, fewer situations can be programmed in advance,...

...Information processing is key to the problem as information defines uncertainty, 'Uncertainty is defined as the difference between the amount of information...the amount of information already possessed by the organisation.'1" We seem then to be presented with a simple requirement, identify the information gap,...

...technology or the economy) and internal, work-realted task uncertainty. Jay Galbraith defines task uncertainty as "the difference between the amount...information already possessed by the organization." 2. The organization must have mechanisms and be structured such that it can diagnose and cope with...

...discussing the design of complex industrial organizations, defines uncertainty as an information gap, as "the difference between the amount of information...information already possessed by the organization." [76, p. 5]. Laufer identifies nine principles for managing projects in an era of uncertainty. He writes...

...implementation. Uncertainty is reflected in the absence of answers to explicit questions and may be defined as 'the difference between the amount of information...the amount of information already possessed by the organisation' (Galbraith 1977). Again, these two enablers were of equal importance for radical and...

...no control over external events (merely its response to those events). Galbraith defined information uncertainty as the difference between the amount of information required to perform a task and the amount of information already possessed by the organisation. Uncertainty limits the...