maintain a balanced naval force posture. The overall global threats may have lessened, but the role of the Naval Reserve is, and will continue to be, firmly and inexorably linked with that of the Total Force Navy. Our commitment to the Nation and the Navy remains the same as when those early citizen-sailors first walked the decks of our Nation's fighting ships. We are "Ready to Serve." Now I will be happy to respond to your questions. Senator GLENN. Thank you, Admiral. General Waters. STATEMENT OF MAJ. GEN. MITCHELL J. WATERS, USMCR, ASSISTANT DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR MANPOWER AND RESERVE AFFAIRS FOR RESERVE AFFAIRS General WATERS. Mr. Chairman, it is a privilege to appear before you today to discuss the Reserve component of the total force Marine Corps. I have submitted a written statement and will use the next few minutes to highlight the latest initiatives of our Reserve component. You already know about our successful mobilization of 31,000 Reserve Marines and the impressive performance of 13,000 Reserve Marines who deployed to Southwest Asia. This now becomes a new benchmark for everything we do in the Marine Corps Reserve. Let me review today some of the new, innovative initiatives to ensure that the Reserve component is increasingly capable of rapid and efficient mobilization and capable of winning on the modern battlefield. We have reviewed our success along with the lessons learned from our experience in the Persian Gulf, and we have continued to strengthen and improve the Reserve component. Our Commandant emphasized his support of the Reserve component by reestablishing the Reserve Affairs Division at Headquarters Marine Corps on 1 October 1991. This established a single proponent, a single focal point for all policy discussions pertaining to the Reserve component. He recalled the Reserve Major General to serve as the director of this new revitalized division, and today he appears before this committee for the first time. The Marine Corps has studied the ideal structure for the Marine Corps in the year 2001, the Force Structure Planning Group. The Reserve component followed the same methodology and carried out the Reserve Force Structure Planning Group. This study, from the ground up, provided a number of new, innovative concepts to the Reserve component. A new Marine Reserve Forces Command in New Orleans combines all operational units, the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, 4th Marine Division, the 4th Force Service Support Group, 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) Command Element, 3rd MEB Command Element, and the Marine Corps Reserve Support Centers, under one active duty Major General as its commanding officer. If you need to call 911 for Reserve operational forces, Marine Reserve Forces 4 is where you go. This command eliminates the requirements for one active duty two-star general, reduces two active duty headquarters, and reduces over 50 marines from these two staffs. The Marine Corps 2001 also introduced the Reserve battle staffs to integrate active staffs in the event of mobilization. An important lesson learned in Desert Shield and Storm was the need for some of our inspector-instructor staffs to be a part of our selected Marine Corps Reserve units. This integration is presently in the planning phase. We have also established a full-time support quality management board to review the future of our full-time support program. We are validating both our full-time support billets along with our Individual Mobilization Augmentee billets. Our professional military education is being shaped to mirror these new requirements. Most important, we are doing all of this within a total quality leadership framework; a way of doing these things even more quickly, more efficiently, smarter, and certainly better. Finally, let me report to you that we have fine young Marines in our Reserve component: almost 100 percent high school graduates, 50 percent in full-time college, drug free, capable, and highly motivated. Although we will be a leaner, more streamlined Reserve component, we will be relevant, ready, and capable of carrying out any appropriate mission. We all remember when Total Force was just a concept that then became Total Force Policy. Now that we have validated the total force policy with our success in Southwest Asia, let us now consider total force doctrine. Thank you for this opportunity to appear before your committee. [The prepared statement of General Waters follows:] PREPARED Statement by MAJ. GEN. MITCHELL J. WATERS, USMC, DIrector, RESERVE AFFAIRS DIVISION Mr. Chairman, distinguished members of the committee, thank you for the privilege of addressing you this year in my first annual report concerning the current posture and future programs of the Marine Corps Reserve. The opportunity to review our 1991 operations, our plans for 1992, and to forward our budget request for fiscal year 1993, is indeed an honor and an especially meaningful occasion for me. The past year included important milestones we are proud to add to the legacy of our Marine Corps Reserve. History will record 1991 as a year in which the Marine Corps-regular and reserve-thoroughly and completely validated its integrated training and exercise programs by demonstrating an ability to respond to an array of operational missions and widely dispersed global commitments. Foremost of these were our deployments and support of Marine Expeditionary Forces (MEF) and Joint Task Forces, particularly our participation in Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm required the first mobilization and deployment of Marine reservists since the Korean war and proved again our versatility and responsiveness to assimilate the Reserve component with the Regular component to form one Total Force Marine Corps. The operation also demonstrated that the mobilization doctrine delineating roles long anticipated for use of the Marine Corps Reserve to selectively augment or reinforce the regular force was both reasonable and supportable under the force structure levels approved as part of prior budget requests. Of special interest are some of the details of the Marine Corps Reserve contributions to Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Over 31,000 reserve Marines reported for duty after receiving orders to take their places alongside Marines from the Regular component. This total included 24,324 Marines from the Selected Marine Corps Reserve; 6,262 Marines from the Individual Ready Reserve; and 586 retired Marines from the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve. Using fiscal year 1991 end strengths as the denominator, the call-up represented 55 percent of the 4th Division-Wing Team (4th Marine Division, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, 4th Force Service Support Group, and 2d Marine Expeditionary Brigade), 12 percent of the Individual Ready Reserve, and 7 percent of the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve. These Marines deployed from every State in the Union. They took with them or shipped more than 6,000 principal end items of equipment such as helicopters, trucks, armored assault vehicles and howitzers, and tens of thousands of secondary items to various stations of initial assignment and ports of embarkation for subsequent deployment overseas. The fact that we were able to use so much of our own equipment reinforces the wisdom of long-standing acquisition policies for the Marine Corps Reserve. For years we have adopted a single source acquisition strategy and a plan to introduce new equipment into the Regular and Reserve components at approximately the same time. The only major end item requiring a significant transition was the requirement for our tank units to convert from the M60 to the M1A1. Even this was accomplished expeditiously. The 4th Division-Wing Team ultimately contributed over 13,000 Marines to I Marine Expeditionary Force for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. The number of units seeing combat included one infantry regiment command element, four infantry battalions, one light armored infantry battalion, one tank battalion, one motor transport battalion, two aviation squadrons, one non-flying aviation unit, six artillery batteries, and two civil affairs groups along with elements of engineer, reconnaissance, communications, tank, assault amphibious, and combat service support battalions. Task organized to augment or reinforce units needing additional combat capability, reserve unit missions included offensive operations by ground forces, air support, rear area security, and combat service support. The Marines we mobilized who did not deploy to Southwest Asia performed other important operational missions during 1991. These peacetime military operations spanned the globe and included the following: One Marine Expeditionary Brigade command element, one infantry regimental headquarters, one infantry battalion, one artillery battalion, and a brigade service support group conducted Exercise Battle Griffin 1991 in Norway and subsequently served as the II Marine Expeditionary Force Air Contingency Force. Over 2,300 reserve Marines ultimately deployed to Norway for this exercise. This operation demonstrated the ability of our reserve to participate effectively in joint combined operations with our NATO allies and enabled the United States to fulfill international commitments during a major regional crisis. • The two infantry battalions, two artillery batteries and four aviation squadrons we assigned to III Marine Expeditionary Force enabled our Corps to maintain a forward deployed presence in the Pacific. These units, totaling over 2,234 reservists, replaced similar units which were deployed to Southwest Asia. One of the infantry battalions, the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines, was the first reserve unit to participate in training normally conducted for Marine Expeditionary Units (Special Operations Capable), which are general purpose naval expeditionary forces with the capability to conduct selected maritime special operations. They expand our range of sea-based crisis response and contingency capabilities to include humanitarian assistance, nation-building, and non-combatant evacuation operations. In response to the violent eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines, the 1st Battalion, 24th Marines, Light Helicopter Squadrons (HML) 771 and 776, and Heavy Helicopter Squadron (HMH) 772 were assigned to a joint task force. These reserve Marines provided disaster relief assistance, personnel evacuation, and clean-up during Operation Fiery Vigil. Many of these Marines later participated in Exercise Team Spirit, a major joint combined exercise conducted annually in Korea. • Reserve Heavy Helicopter Squadron 772, Detachment A, attached to the 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, was diverted while en route from Southwest Asia to provide humanitarian assistance to the people of Bangladesh following a devastating typhoon. Code named Operation Sea Angel, this humanitarian assistance effort saw Detachment A working as part of a joint task force that transported tons of food, fuel, medicine, and equipment to the typhoon victims. • Over 2,185 Marines were provided to V Marine Expeditionary Force as standby reinforcements and combat replacements to sustain our forces in Southwest Asia. These reserve units consisted of one infantry regimental headquarters, two infantry battalions, three artillery batteries, and a tank battalion. The balance of the Marines we activated performed duties in combat service support detachments for remain behind equipinent, in maintenance and training augmentation units, or as members of family service centers, casualty assistance teams, hospital teams in Europe, and as part of our mortuary affairs effort at Dover Air Force Base. Finally, with the Desert Shield/Desert Storm campaign over and other missions completed, 1991 saw the redeployment and demobilization of our reserve Marines and their return to their families and civilian jobs. All of this was accomplished shortly before the 75th Anniversary of the establishment of the Marine Corps Reserve making our celebration of the event last August all the more special and meaningful. I believe these achievements during 1991 are representative of the indispensable nature of the Reserve component of our total force. The changing world order coupled with our domestic realities and priorities necessitate adjustments to the structure of our regular and Reserve components. Our foremost goal is to maintain a high state of readiness and combat capability of our reserve during this period of adjustments and realignments. As we adjust the force structure of the Selected Marine Corps Reserve to meet the new challenges facing our Nation, the organization of Marine Corps headquarters is undergoing change to help us better manage this important process. Last year's mobilization highlighted the value of a central staff agency to coordinate reserve affairs at the headquarters level. Within the Manpower and Reserve Affairs Department, the Reserve Affairs Division was activated on October 1, 1991. This division provides a revitalized focal point of contact for reserve issues within the Headquarters, within the reserve community, and to those outside the Marine Corps. The new division provides the necessary staff to address reserve issues and provide advice and leadership to the headquarters and the field to help ensure our readiness into the future. This division has taken steps to improve communications within the Reserve component. Not satisfied with resting on our laurels of 1991, we are pursuing new initiatives to enhance our readiness and capabilities. Ongoing are reviews designed to determine a better fighting structure for the 4th Division-Wing Team, better integration of our active duty support and reserve units, a better approach to our full-time support program, and a more structured use of our individual mobilization augmentees, to mention only a few. In subsequent paragraphs, I will provide information on the current status of the Reserve component, our plans to maintain its readiness to perform all assigned missions in the changing world environment, and the resources needed to accomplish these missions. This information is consistent with the President's budget and the 1992 Unified Posture Statement submitted for the Department of the Navy by the Secretary of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps. MOBILIZATION ROLES AND FORCE STRUCTURE The roles of the Selected Marine Corps Reserve are to provide trained units and equipment to augment and reinforce the active Fleet Marine Forces (FMF) and provide a foundation for reestablishment of a division, aircraft wing and logistics team. As our Regular component force structure is pared down, the Regular component/ Reserve component mix must remain balanced to meet our total force Marine Corps responsibilities. Late last calendar year, it became clear that we needed to analyze our force requirements for the Reserve component based on the restructuring of the Regular component and the downsizing of the Marine Corps. Recognizing that the likelihood of full mobilization was decreasing, and that the type and scope of crisis situations for which we would have to be prepared were becoming more diversified, we convened a Reserve Force Structure Planning Group to assess how the Reserve component could best interface with the restructured Regular component. The recommendations of that group have been approved by the Commandant of the Marine Corps and form the basis of the fiscal year 1993 budget submission. One fact is clear, the Total Force Marine Corps will continue to need a fully manned, trained and ready Selected Marine Corps Reserve backed up by our talented Individual Ready Reserve. MANPOWER Our Reserve component is comprised of the finest young men and women in our country. They are ambitious, disciplined, hard-working, motivated, well-trained, well-led, and dedicated to excellence in serving their country and corps. They are our most important and most valuable asset. On September 30, 1991, the number of Marines in the Marine Corps Reserve totaled 108,663. The Marine Corps Reserve is organized into four categories as provided by law: the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve, the Retired Reserve, and the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve. Active duty personnel in support of the 4th DivisionWing Team, Navy personnel, and civilian employees of the Marine Corps provide additional support. Ready Reserve The largest category of the Marine Corps Reserve is the Ready Reserve. The Ready Reserve consists of the Selected Marine Corps Reserve and the Individual Ready Reserve. It is the primary source of both units and individuals upon mobilization. Selected Marine Corps Reserve The Selected Marine Corps Reserve consists of the 4th Division-Wing Team, the Individual Mobilization Augmentee program, and the Full-Time Support program. The 4th Division-Wing Team constitutes the majority of the Selected Marine Corps Reserve. The structure of the 4th Division-Wing Team is designed in consonance with the Active component and is organized specifically to meet its mobilization roles. When fully mobilized, the 4th Division-Wing Team represents about 25 percent of the Marine Corps combat power available to PMF commanders. At the beginning of fiscal year 1992, there were 37,291 drilling reservists assigned to the 4th Division-Wing Team. The drilling reservists serving in our Individual Mobilization Augmentee program are members of the Selected Marine Corps Reserve but not part of the 4th DivisionWing Team. These Marines are pre-assigned to mobilization billets which require them to report within 24 hours of notification. They are assigned to key billets in our supporting establishment where they train side-by-side with counterparts from the Regular component at all bases, stations, and major headquarters. On October 1, 1991, we had 1,191 drilling Individual Mobilization Augmentees. During Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, 828 Individual Mobilization Augmentees were called to active duty. Over 200 of the Individual Mobilization Augmentees are assigned to the 47 Marine Corps Mobilization Stations located throughout the country. During fiscal year 1991 these stations completed the routine annual muster of 13,240 Individual Ready Reserve Marines, representing 98.68 percent of those ordered to report for screening. The importance of this program is evident because these were the same stations responsible for the reception, processing, and transfer to stations of initial assignment of the 6,262 Individual Ready Reservists mobilized for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. We plan to muster 16,000 Marines in fiscal year 1992. Our Reserve Personnel Marine Corps budget for fiscal year 1993 includes funding for the Individual Ready Reserve muster program. The number of Individual Mobilization Augmentee billets budgeted for fiscal year 1992 is 1,300. We are in the process of validating all Individual Mobilization Augmentee positions to obtain more information to assist in our management of the program. The validation will focus on the type and scope of work being performed by the Individual Mobilization Augmentees including their duties in support of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. We are studying the feasibility of adding Individual Mobilization Augmentee positions to Regular component command and control elements and to our battle staffs because of the contributions made by these Marines during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. The Full-Time Support program is the third part of the Selected Marine Corps Reserve. The men and women on active duty in this program support our reserve forces. Their duties cover policy development, administration, recruiting, training, and logistical support for the reserve. We believe this program contributes positively to the integration of our Reserve and Regular components. The Full-Time Support officers and enlisted personnel working with their active duty counterparts on a daily basis enhances the Marine Corps ability to address issues from a total force perspective. We are revalidating all Full-Time Support billets this year to obtain additional information to better manage the program. We are requesting $337.7 million in fiscal year 1993 for the Reserve Personnel Marine Corps appropriation. This funding is projected to support a Selected Marine Corps Reserve end strength of 38,900, a decrease of 3,500 Marines from fiscal year 1992. This budget is in consonance with changes in the Regular component structure and strategy, and will allow us to remain ready, relevant, and capable. The reduction for fiscal year 1993 consists of 3,002 4th Division-Wing Team positions, 343 Individual Mobilization Augmentee, and 155 Full-Time Support structure spaces. Reductions in fiscal year 1993 will be met through a combination of decreased accessions, normal attrition and deactivation of selected units pursuant to our force structure planning group project. Individual Ready Reserve The Individual Ready Reserve represented over 52 percent of the Ready Reserve at the start of fiscal year 1992. The Individual Ready Reserve provides pre-trained Marines to fill shortfalls in Regular and Reserve component forces, and for the expansion of the supporting base to meet wartime contingency requirements. Though not required to drill, the Individual Ready Reserve is a valuable and experienced manpower asset. It consists of individuals who have served and have been trained previously in the Regular component or in the Selected Marine Corps Reserve and have some period of obligated military service remaining, or individuals who have |