The New Urban RealityPaul E. Peterson Brookings Institution Press, 07/06/2001 - 301 من الصفحات America's inner cities, particularly those in older industrial metropolitan areas, have declined sharply in both population and employment over the past two decades. How much of this change is due to technological advances in transportation, communication, and manufacturing? How much of it is due to the changing racial composition of the central cities? Can any set of public policies retard or reverse the decline of the industrial cities? This book presents an interdisciplinary collection of papers addressing these questions. In the introduction, editor Paul E. Peterson discusses the ways in which adverse economic and racial changes interact and urges more realistic federal policies to counteract these changes. In Part 1, "The Processes of Urban Growth and Decline," sociologist John D. Kasarda analyzes the growing mismatch between inner-city jobs and residents, and geographer Brian J. L. Berry discusses the economics of inner-city gentrification. Racial change is the subject of Part II: sociologist Elijah Anderson depicts race relations in a gentrifying inner-city neighborhood; sociologist William J. Wilson delineates the social and economic problems of inner-city blacks; and political scientist Gary Orfield calls for bold efforts to reverse the continuing urban pattern of racial segregation. Part III looks at the way cities have responded to economic and racial change. Economist Kenneth A. Small discusses the impact of transportation policy; political scientist Herbert Jacob finds that increasing efforts to control urban crime have not been effective; and sociologist Terry Nichols Clark emphasizes the effect of political factors on the fiscal condition of cities. Economist Anthony Downs, reviewing the issues raised by the other authors, sees little hope for racial integration as the central social strategy for solving urban problems, but does see hope in the internal resources of America's minority communities. |
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... centers of Europe and the American Snow Belt developed as by - products of the industrial revolution , their decline is no less ancillary to contemporary technological change . The United States needs ever- fewer workers to produce the ...
... center at an astounding rate . Even by 1920 , when this model was first developed , it was apparent that the central business district itself expanded outward and upward , both because portions of the transition zone were converted to ...
... center is especially valuable because many economic activities benefit from close access to the core of the transportation grid . As one moves outward from the center and the cost of transport increases , land falls in value ...
... center of the city . Although manufacturers needed large blocks of land in close proximity to the transportation grid , they had less demand for the high - priced land within the central business district than did those engaged in ...
... center . The beltway did confirm the fact that cities had taken a circular form and that , given a specific distance from the center , particular transportation needs arose . But as the circular expressway was built , it created its own ...
المحتوى
and Minority Opportunities | 33 |
The Evolving Structure and Functions of Americas Cities | 36 |
Effects on Job Opportunities | 43 |
Changing Demographic Compositions | 51 |
Consequences of Minority Confinement | 56 |
Targeting Anchoring and Demographic Disequilibria | 61 |
Spatial Inequities and Equality of Opportunity | 62 |
New Urban Policies for New Urban Realities | 63 |
Successful Racial Change | 184 |
The Policy Choice | 189 |
Transportation and Urban Change | 197 |
Trends Affecting Urban Development | 199 |
Determinants of Urban Travel Behavior | 204 |
Effects of Transportation on Urban Development | 207 |
Past and Present Policies | 214 |
Future Policies | 217 |
Helping Those Caught in the Web of Change | 65 |
Islands of Renewal in Seas of Decay | 69 |
Studies of Revitalization | 71 |
The Gentrification Hypothesis | 83 |
A New Interpretation | 88 |
Conclusions | 95 |
Race and Neighborhood Transition | 99 |
A Community in Transition | 101 |
Sharing the Public Space | 108 |
Conclusion | 125 |
The Urban Underclass in Advanced Industrial Society | 129 |
The Tangle of Pathology in the Inner City | 133 |
Toward a Comprehensive Explanation | 141 |
Conclusion | 159 |
Ghettoization and Its Alternatives | 161 |
Ghettoization and Suburbanization | 162 |
Chicagos History of Racial Change | 164 |
Consequences of Segregation | 174 |
Policy Responses to Racial Change | 181 |
Conclusion | 222 |
Policy Responses to Crime | 225 |
Crime and Response in American Cities | 226 |
Linkages | 244 |
Conclusion | 249 |
How Different Are Snow Belt and Sun Belt Cities? | 253 |
Modeling Fiscal Policymaking | 263 |
A Model to Test the Factors Affecting Urban Fiscal Policy | 265 |
Summary and Conclusion | 278 |
The Future of Industrial Cities | 281 |
Is Severe Decline Reversible in the Near Future? | 283 |
The Double Transformation of Big Cities with Large Minority Populations | 284 |
The Role of Political Forces in the Transformation | 286 |
Possible Remedies for the Adverse Effects | 287 |
Some Realistic Conclusions | 289 |
Future Strategies That Might Benefit BigCity Minorities | 291 |
Conclusions | 293 |
295 | |