The New Urban RealityPaul E. Peterson Brookings Institution Press, 07/06/2001 - 301 من الصفحات America's inner cities, particularly those in older industrial metropolitan areas, have declined sharply in both population and employment over the past two decades. How much of this change is due to technological advances in transportation, communication, and manufacturing? How much of it is due to the changing racial composition of the central cities? Can any set of public policies retard or reverse the decline of the industrial cities? This book presents an interdisciplinary collection of papers addressing these questions. In the introduction, editor Paul E. Peterson discusses the ways in which adverse economic and racial changes interact and urges more realistic federal policies to counteract these changes. In Part 1, "The Processes of Urban Growth and Decline," sociologist John D. Kasarda analyzes the growing mismatch between inner-city jobs and residents, and geographer Brian J. L. Berry discusses the economics of inner-city gentrification. Racial change is the subject of Part II: sociologist Elijah Anderson depicts race relations in a gentrifying inner-city neighborhood; sociologist William J. Wilson delineates the social and economic problems of inner-city blacks; and political scientist Gary Orfield calls for bold efforts to reverse the continuing urban pattern of racial segregation. Part III looks at the way cities have responded to economic and racial change. Economist Kenneth A. Small discusses the impact of transportation policy; political scientist Herbert Jacob finds that increasing efforts to control urban crime have not been effective; and sociologist Terry Nichols Clark emphasizes the effect of political factors on the fiscal condition of cities. Economist Anthony Downs, reviewing the issues raised by the other authors, sees little hope for racial integration as the central social strategy for solving urban problems, but does see hope in the internal resources of America's minority communities. |
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... Police Expenditures and the Crime Rate in Ten U.S. Cities 245 3. Relationship between Share of City Budget Allocated to Policing and Two - Year Lagged Crime Rate in Ten U.S. Cities 246 Terry Nichols Clark 1. Relationships among ...
... Police Expenditures , Ten U.S. Cities , 1948-78 234 4. Police Officers per 1,000 Population , Ten U.S. Cities , 1948-78 235 5. Entry - Level Salary for Police , Nine U.S. Cities , 1948-78 237 6. Citations Made for Moving Violations , per ...
... police expenditures as a way of reducing urban crime ; Terry Clark provides an optimistic note by showing that cities can in fact keep their fiscal house in order , even if they must adapt to population loss and economic decline ; and ...
... budget . He shows that no specific level of per capita spending is necessitated by the ... police activity demonstrates , the amount of public services provided and ... expenditures proportionately . While the processes of change may be ...
... police expenditures have hardly improved the ability to reduce crime . But I do wish to discourage the federal government from attempting to sure , many of these miles are available only for low - density use . But even if one considers ...
المحتوى
and Minority Opportunities | 33 |
The Evolving Structure and Functions of Americas Cities | 36 |
Effects on Job Opportunities | 43 |
Changing Demographic Compositions | 51 |
Consequences of Minority Confinement | 56 |
Targeting Anchoring and Demographic Disequilibria | 61 |
Spatial Inequities and Equality of Opportunity | 62 |
New Urban Policies for New Urban Realities | 63 |
Successful Racial Change | 184 |
The Policy Choice | 189 |
Transportation and Urban Change | 197 |
Trends Affecting Urban Development | 199 |
Determinants of Urban Travel Behavior | 204 |
Effects of Transportation on Urban Development | 207 |
Past and Present Policies | 214 |
Future Policies | 217 |
Helping Those Caught in the Web of Change | 65 |
Islands of Renewal in Seas of Decay | 69 |
Studies of Revitalization | 71 |
The Gentrification Hypothesis | 83 |
A New Interpretation | 88 |
Conclusions | 95 |
Race and Neighborhood Transition | 99 |
A Community in Transition | 101 |
Sharing the Public Space | 108 |
Conclusion | 125 |
The Urban Underclass in Advanced Industrial Society | 129 |
The Tangle of Pathology in the Inner City | 133 |
Toward a Comprehensive Explanation | 141 |
Conclusion | 159 |
Ghettoization and Its Alternatives | 161 |
Ghettoization and Suburbanization | 162 |
Chicagos History of Racial Change | 164 |
Consequences of Segregation | 174 |
Policy Responses to Racial Change | 181 |
Conclusion | 222 |
Policy Responses to Crime | 225 |
Crime and Response in American Cities | 226 |
Linkages | 244 |
Conclusion | 249 |
How Different Are Snow Belt and Sun Belt Cities? | 253 |
Modeling Fiscal Policymaking | 263 |
A Model to Test the Factors Affecting Urban Fiscal Policy | 265 |
Summary and Conclusion | 278 |
The Future of Industrial Cities | 281 |
Is Severe Decline Reversible in the Near Future? | 283 |
The Double Transformation of Big Cities with Large Minority Populations | 284 |
The Role of Political Forces in the Transformation | 286 |
Possible Remedies for the Adverse Effects | 287 |
Some Realistic Conclusions | 289 |
Future Strategies That Might Benefit BigCity Minorities | 291 |
Conclusions | 293 |
295 | |