!

we can do little, separated we are the units of weakness, but aggregated we become batteries of power. Agitate, educate, organize, these are the deathless watchwords of success." Whittier, in his tribute, recognized this trait in her character. One of the verses of the poem written after her death was as follows:

"She knew the power of banded ill,
But felt that love was stronger still,
And organized for doing good,

The world's united womanhood.”

Miss Willard was the author of a little work entitled, "Nineteen Beautiful Years," written when she was twenty-four years of age. It was the simple story of her sister Mary's life, who passed away at the age of nineteen years. This little volume was published by Harper & Brothers in 1863, and has passed through many editions. In 1891, Miss Willard wrote a book entitled "A Classic Town," with the sub-title, "The Story of Evanston." In the preface she modestly refers to the work in the following terms: "The only satisfaction that I have in contemplating this desultory piece of work is that, as a loyal Evanstonian, and pioneer pilgrim to this human oasis, I have helped to preserve some dates, facts and personalities, for the use of that staid and dignified individual who will in due season materialize, i. e., "The Future Historian.'

She was also the author of a volume entitled, "Glimpses of Fifty Years," filled with the accounts of her multudinous activities, and of those of others associated with her in the causes she had so deeply at heart. Another volume which she assisted to prepare, in collaboration with Mrs. Minerva Brace Norton, is entitled "A Great Mother," being sketches of her mother, a woman of exalted character. There have been a number of volumes written about Frances Willard, and, including the various contributions to the press issues of every description, the literature pertaining to the activities of her life has been voluminous. Her home in Evanston is known as "Rest Cottage," where she spent many years of her life, though in the interest of her work she traveled extensively.

Frances Willard died in New York city February 18th, 1898, and her remains were brought West and buried in the family lot at Rosehill. At her funeral, and at the numerous memorial assemblages held in her honor, there was a remarkable outpouring of tributes, and among those in poetical form some stanzas from a poem by Charles William Pearson may be quoted:

"Oft have we seen her on her throne of power,
While eager multitudes enchanted hung,
Oblivious of the swiftly passing hour,

Chained by the Orphean magic of her tongue.

"The aged bent beneath the weight of years,

The young in all their beauty, all their pride,
The rich and poor, in common, shed their tears,
For she, a sister to mankind, had died."

THE BURNING OF THE "SEA BIRD"

On the morning of the 9th of April, 1868, the steamer "Sea Bird," while on her way from Two Rivers, Wisconsin, to Chicago, and while opposite Lake Forest, Illinois, caught fire and was totally consumed. There were seventy persons on board at the time, and of these but three escaped. The "Sea Bird" was a sidewheel steamer of about five hundred tons burthen, and was making the first trip of the season on her regular route along the west shore of the lake.

"How the fire originated," says Andreas, "was never known, but it was supposed to have been through the carlessness of one of the porters, who was observed by one of the survivors to throw a scuttle of coal and ashes overboard, and a very short time afterward the fire broke out in the aft part of the vessel, near the place where the porter had stood. It was a little before seven o'clock in the morning when the fire was discovered, as the passengers were rising from breakfast.

"The steamer was immediately headed for shore, but the wind was blowing heavily from the northeast, and drove the flames forward, soon stopping the machinery. Rapidly the fire drove the passengers toward the bow, and then over into the lake. No boats seem to have been lowered nor any effort made by the officers to save life. If there were life-preservers on board, and there presumably were, none was used. Panic seems to have seized officers, crew and passengers alike. Before noon the vessel was burned to the water edge. The survivors were A. C. Chamberlain, Mr. Hennebury, of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, and James H. Leonard, of Manitowoc."

In recalling lake disasters many old residents confuse the particulars of the "Lady Elgin" disaster with those of the "Sea Bird." We have related the details of the former in another place in this history. The "Lady Elgin" was lost in September, 1860, and nearly three hundred persons were drowned. Its loss was occasioned by a collision with a lumber schooner on a stormy night, the steamer sinking within half an hour after the accident. The "Lady Elgin" was a much larger steamer than the "Sea Bird." The two events were separated by an interval of nearly eight years.

CHAPTER XL

SOCIALISM AND ANARCHISM IN CHICAGO

THE UTOPIAN BACKGROUND- -MARXIAN SOCIALISM-FIGHTING FOR LINCOLN THE IN

DUSTRIAL RENAISSANCE THE CHICAGO "SECTION"-THE PANIC OF '73-ALFred r. PARSONS THE SOCIALIST PROBLEM-SOCIALISM, ANARCHISM AND VIOLENCE-PROPAGANDA IN CHICAGO-THE STRIKE OF '77-THE STRIKE IN CHICAGO-"STOP WORK"

-PARSONS AND THE POLICE-THE STRIKE AND SOCIALISM-THE STOLEN ELECTION -THE SOCIALIST DECLINE-THE SOCIALIST DECLINE IN CHICAGO-THE TENDENCY TOWARDS ANARCHISM-JOHANN MOST ANARCHISM IN AMERICA-ANARCHIST NEWSPAPERS LETTER TO TRAMPS-THE ANARCHISTS OF CHICAGO-RELATION BETWEEN ANARCHIST AND SOCIALIST MOVEMENTS—THE EIGHT-HOUR MOVEMENT-POLICE BRUTALITY-THE FIRST OF MAY-THE HAYMARKET RIOT-EVENTS PRECEDING THE TRIAL -POPULAR FEELING REGARDING THE ANARCHISTS-THE TRIAL OF THE ACCUSED ANARCHISTS-RESULT OF THE TRIAL-ANARCHISTS PARDONED BY GOVERNOR ALTGELD.

current.

THE UTOPIAN BACKGROUND

HE first newspaper in Chicago was started in the year 1833. A casual examination of the files of this newspaper, the Chicago Democrat, does not indicate that the inhabitants of the little town were much interested in sociological matters; but a more devoted search might bring to light a reference or two to "Socialism," about 1835, when the term became Seeing the word, a few readers of the Democrat would connect the term with its inventor, Robert Owen,-the philanthropic English manufacturer who came to this country to work out practically the solution of the social problem over which he had brooded at his model cotton mill at New Lanark, Scotland. More readers, perhaps, would remember the establishment of his little communistic colony, the first of its kind in the world, at New Harmony, Indiana, in the year 1825, while Chicago was still a trading post.

1 The writer of this chapter is Mr. Floyd Dell, literary editor of the Chicago Evening Post. The manuscript is accompanied by the following preliminary note:-"This chapter represents an attempt to place the Haymarket riot in its proper perspective, that is to say, in its actual relation to the whole working-class political movement in America. The organized labor movement, as being too large and complex a subject to be dealt with in such a sketch, has been only incidentally treated. But it is the author's wish that this account should assist other students in sometime writing a complete study of the whole subject.

"The materials here drawn upon have been the Chicago newspapers, the 'Autobiography' of Albert R. Parsons, George A. Schilling's brief 'History of the Labor Movement in Chicago,' the reports of the trial of the Haymarket anarchists, Governor Altgeld's 'Reasons for Pardoning,' Hillquit's 'History of Socialism in the United States,' various magazine articles, and other contemporary sources. Dates and facts regarding Chicago have been verified with especial care."