post-Exilic. xiii. 2 ("lift ye up a banner "), cf. xlix. 22, lxii. 10, and the use of the imperative in xl. 3-6;--xiii. 5, cf. xlvi. 11;—xiii. 6, cf. Joel i. 15 (almost complete verbal agreement) ;—xiii. 7 (images), cf. Ezek. vii. 17, xxi. 12 (7) ;—xiii. 8, cf. xxi. 3;-xiii. 10, cf. xxxiv. 4;—xiii. 13, cf. xxiv. 19; Joel ii. 10, iv. 16;—xiii. 14, cf. xlvii. 15 ;—xiii. 166, cf. Zech. xiv. 2;-xiii. 19-22, cf. xxxiv. 13-17 ;--xiv. 2 (opening), cf. Deut. xxv. 19, Jer. xxxi. 2 ;-xiv. 3, 4, cf. Isa. xxi. 2 (end). On xiv. 1, 2, cf. also p. 69. To these should be added the nine parallelisms between ch. xiii. and Jer. 1.-li.1 (a) v. 2, cf. Jer. 1. 2, li. 27 (li. 12); (b) v. 3, cf. li. 27 ("to consecrate"); (c) vv. 7, 8, cf. Jer. l. 43; (d) v. 14a, cf. Jer. 1. 6, 17; (e) v. 14b, cf. Jer. 1. 16 (li. 6); (f) v. 17, cf. Jer. 1. 9, li. 1; (g) v. 17, cf. li. 11, 28 (the Medes); (h) v. 18, cf. li. 3, l. 14, 29; (i) vv. 19-21, cf. Jer. l. 39-40.

Let us now briefly survey these parallels. The most striking pre-Exilic parallels to phrases in chap. xiii. are those in Zeph. iii. II and Deut. xxv. 19 (Jer. xxxi. 2). Conservative scholars are confident that Isa. xiii. 3 is the original of Zeph. c. y occurs in Isa. xxii. 2, xxiii. 7, xxiv. 8, xxxii. 13; and a in Isa. ix. 8, xvi. 6, xxv. II. True, but of these passages only xxii. 2 and ix. 8 are undisputed.2 Nor is it certain that Zeph. iii. II is pre-Exilic. The relation between this passage and Isa. xiii. 3 must, therefore, be left undecided. But it is at any rate inconceivable that xiv. 2 should be earlier than Deut. xxv. 19; ' is a characteristic phrase of the Deuteronomic school (Deut. iii. 20, xii. 10, xxv. 19; Josh. i. 13, 15, xxii. 4, xxiii. 1; Ex. xxxiii. 14) for the state of the Israelites in Canaan after their wanderings; so perhaps lxiii. 14 (late). Passing on to the parallels in Exilic and post-Exilic writings, we may at once reject those in ch. xxxiv., in Jer. 1.-li., in Joel, and in Zech. xiv., as due to a direct imitation of ch. xiii. Of the remainder, the most important are those in ch. xl., etc., which must be viewed in connection with the identity of historic background in ch. xl., etc., and xiii. 2-xiv. 23, and

1 On Jer. 1.-li. see Budde, JDT, xxiii. 428-470; and cf. Kuenen, Ond.2, ii. 229-245, and Giesebrecht's commentary.

2 It was, therefore, uncritical of Del., in 1857, to speak of "the peculiarly Isaianic word ry" (Anhang to Drechsler's Jes., iii. 401).

with the parallelisms of phraseology and of idea. (I do not offer them as proving that either of these works is dependent on the other.)

and ,עֲלִיז (6) ,combined שָׁאוֹן and הָמוֹן (d)

(3) Parallelisms in the vocabulary; a few less important ones have been omitted. I. Isaianic. (a) Dɔ, xiii. 2, as above (2) a; but see also xxxiii. 23, lxii. 10. (c) TINE, V. 3; see above. ข. 4, as xvii. 12, 13. (e) IN, vv. 7, 12, "man" (or "men"), as viii. 1; but also xxiv. 6, xxxiii. 8, lvi. 2. (1) Dans (27), v. 8, as xxix. 6, cf. Nah.

(k), xiv. 11, as V. I 2.

iii. 3; but also xxx. 30, lxvi. 15. (g) jina, vv. 11, 19, xiv. II, as ii. 10, 19, 21; but also iv. 2 (late), xvi. 6, xxiii. 9 (both of doubtful origin), xxiv. 14, and lx. 15 (both late). (h) was, xiv. 2, 4, as iii. 12, ix. 3 (doubtful); also lx. 17 (admittedly late). (i), xiv. 6, as xxviii. 8; but also in xxxii. 10. (1), V. 20, as i. 4. 22, p. 52). I hesitate to 15, xix. 16, xxx. 28; (0) but also xxv. 3, 4, 5, xxix. 5, 20, (4 times); (p) 1, v. 19, as xi. 1, lx. x. 15 being at best doubtful.

(m) 1x, v. 22 (see on x. 19add (n), v. 2, x. 15 (bis), xi. 77, v. 11, as xi. 4 (corr. text); xlix. 25, and Ezek. 21, even xi. 1, 4 and

II. Non-Isaianic, and mostly late in use; we should probably add (0) and (p) from preceding list.—(a) pɔ, xiii. 2, аπ. λey.; cf. p, xli. 18, xlix. 9 (and six times in Jer.). (6) jan Sip, v. 4, as xxxiii. 3 (late). For the interjectional use of hip cf. xl. 3, 6, lii. 8, lxvi. 6. (c) Moi, v. 4, as xl. 18; cf. BL, p. 474. Nowhere else used prepositionally (Ezek. xxiii. 15 is hardly quite in point); but cf. m, Ps. lviii. 5. (d) 17 09, v. 4, as Ezek. xvii, 9, 15, xxvi. 7; Joel ii. 2. (e) by N, v. 4, as namba Num. xxxi. 14 (P; see Kuenen, Hexateuch, p. 99; Driver, Intr., p. 63); 1 Chr. vii. 4, xii. 37. (ƒ) pOJA PIND, V. 5, as xlvi. 11 (Isaiah's phrase is ppp, x. 3, xvii. 13, xxx. 27?). (g) DOT пpp, v. 5, a Deuteronomic phrase; see Deut. iv. 32, xxx. 4 (Neh. i. 9; Ps. xix. 7). (h) TÔ, v. 6. The pre- -Exilic prophets and narrators (see BL, p. 84) avoid this name. It occurs seven times in P, once in Joel, thirtyone times in Job, twice in the Psalms and in Ezek.; also in Num. xxiv. 4, 16 (post-Exilic ?). (2) DR? 2b, v. 7,

(k)

as xix. 1; cf. Ps. xxii. 15 (poetic and rhetorical). DT, v. 8, as xxi. 3. (1) TION, V. 9; nowhere else in this book. (m) pp, "Orion," v. 10, as Am. v. 8 (late insertion); Job ix. 9, xxxviii. 31.

,.Hif ,הלל (u)

"to shine" or "make bright," as Job xxxi. 26, xli. 10. (o), of non-Israelites, v. 11, xiv. 5, as Hab. i. 13; Isa. xxvi. 10; Ps. ix. 6 (par. to "the nations"); (/) DȚI, V. 11 ; Mal. iii. 15, 19; nowhere again in prophecy (it occurs six times in Ps. cxix., and in Ps. xix. 14, lxxxvi. 14; also in the late narrative passage, Jer. xliii. 2, and in a probably late ethical definition, Prov. xxi. 24). xxviii. 30; Jer. iii. 2; Zech. xiv. 2 word, BL, p. 471). (r) Hif., v. before Ezek. xxiii. 22 (see

, and, combined, v. 17, V. 20, as Ps. c. 5.

=

(9) 2,
(9) Sa, v. 16, Deut.
(need not be a late
17, not in prophets

on chs. xl. - lxvi). (s), 19, as iv. 2 (late). () Combinations with are

אהל We find

common in the disputed parts of Isaiah (see xxxiv. 10, 17, li. 8, lviii. 12, lx. 15, lxi. 4). (u) SIT, v. 20. (Qal) elsewhere only in Gen. xiii. 12, 18. (v) 77, v. 20, as Jer. iii. 2 (see on xxi. 13). (w), v. 21, as xix. 13 (late; cf. BL, p. 477). (x) 0¬N, v. 22, as xxxiv. 14; Jer. 1. 39. (y) 1, v. 22, as lviii. 13 (nowhere else). It is needless to show further that vv. 21, 22 are thoroughly un-Isaianic. (2), xiv. 1, nearly proselyte (see on lvi. 3). Nowhere in early prophets. In Jer. (vii. 6) still "sojourner." (aa) ¡TŢI, v. 2; only once before Deut., Jer., Lam., Ezek. (viz. Num. xxiv. 19, where the text is doubtful). (bb) și, v. 3, as Ps. cxxxix. 24; I Chr. iv. 9. (cc) 177, v. 3; five times in Job, once in Hab. iii. (late). The verb is Isaianic. (dd) Tap, v. 3; not prophetic before Ezek. (xxxiv. 27). (ee), v. 4, not in Isaiah, but in Mic. ii. 4; Hab. ii. 6. (ff) me, v. 4 (corr. text), äπ. λey.; cf. in Isa. iii. 5. (gg) Søp, v. 5, in bad sense, as xlix. 7, lii. 5, suggesting that the writer was one of the Jewish exiles. (hh), " cessation," v. 6 (a different sense in i. 5). (ii) 7, v. 7, aπ. Xey.; the corrected reading is also unique. (kk), v. 7; four times in II. Isaiah, cf. also lii. 9. (), v. 9, as xxvi. 14, 19; Job xxvi. 5; Ps. lxxxviii. II. (mm), "to address (some one)," v. 10, as Job iii. 2; Song Sol. ii. 10; Zech. i. 10, iii. 4, iv. 11, 12.

(nn) πр, V. II, aπ. λey. 3 (cf. on chaps. xl.-lxvi.). xxiii. 18; Ezek. xxvii. 7; point), v. 12, ἅπ. λεγ. (rr) and rare word, as Ex. xvii. 13 (cf. xxxii. 18); also Job xiv. 10. Has a word dropped out before by? (ss) pa, v.

(00) Hof., v. 11, as Esth. iv. (pp) Пpp, "covering," v. II, as Lev. ix. 19. (99) 5 (so transitively, v. 12, an old

(vv)

14; an old form, see Mic. i. 3 (Am. iv. 13 is late), but also found in lviii. 14 (late). (tt) jby, v. 14, as a divine name beyond question characteristically late; cf. my note on Ps. vii. 18, and BL, p. 84. (uu) a, v. 16, as Song Sol. ii. 9; Ps. xxxiii. 14 (late, see BL, p. 469). y, v. 19, аπ. Mey. (ww) app, v. 21, äπ. λey. (xx) Sa, v. λεγ. 21; an emphatic negative, seven times in xxvi. 10-18, six times in xxxiii. 20-24, eight times in 2 Isa. (viz. xl. 24 thrice, xliii. 17, xliv. 8, 9 four times), nine times in Prov., twenty-one times in Ps. ; originally perhaps N. Palestinian (König), for it occurs in Hos. vii. 2, and is certainly Phoen. (yy) TI 1, v. 22 (Gen. xxi. 23; Job xviii. 19). (≈≈) i, v. 23 (Job xvii. II; Obad. 17). (aaa) Tip, v. 23 (xxxiv. 11; Zeph. ii. 14). (bbb) DIN, v. 23 (xxxv. 7, xli. 18, xlii. 15; Jer. li. 32; twice in Ps., twice in Ex.). (ccc) NoNY (Bär), with deriv. noun, v. 23, ἅπ. λεγ. A colloquialism with newHebrew affinities; cf. BL, p. 471, on We can scarcely adda, xiv. 8 (xxxvii. 24, probably late); for if Isaiah had had occasion to refer to Lebanon would he not have used this word?

These exegetical and linguistic facts evidently do not favour the conservative theory. Note especially among the latter the words a, n (prepositional), ạ, which were certainly not used by Isaiah. Add to this, that nowhere in the true Isaiah is there such a continuously smooth and regular parallelism as in xiii. 2-22, and that for a parallel to the metre or rhythm of the ode in xiv. 46-211 we must go to the taunt-song on Sennacherib in

1 It is hard to find any regular rhythm or metre in chap. xlvii. It is otherwise with chaps. xiv. and xxxviii., where with comparative ease Budde and Bickell discover their respective rhythms or metres (see Budde, ZATW, 1882, pp. 12-14; 1892, pp. 32-37; Bickell, Carmina VT, 1882, pp. 202, 207, but cf. Zeitschr. f. d. Kunde des Morgenlandes, viii. 101-102). No theory, however, can induce me with Bickell and (now) Budde to omit on, or rather D”, in v. 216.

chap. xxxvii., and for a parallel to its five symmetrical strophes to the ode on the fall of Babylon in chap. xlvii. How an advanced critic like Winckler can regard the former poem as Isaiah's song of triumph on the death of Sennacherib1 is a mystery. Phraseology and ideas are alike opposed to this hasty view, and the parallelisms in xiv. 8, 13, 14 to passages of the taunt-song on Sennacherib in xxxvii. 226-29 simply show that both poems proceed from the same (late) school of poets. It is also most unlikely that Isaiah expected that Sennacherib would be "cast far from his grave." Both prophecy and ode, then, are not earlier than the close of the Exile. Do they both belong to the same writer? To prove beyond contradiction that they do not is impossible. But there are such differences in the imaginative pictures of the judgment in the two works, and there is so much more poetic heat in the ode than in the prophecy, that the conjecture (already offered in PI, i. 21) of a twofold authorship is a reasonable one. If we accept this, we must ascribe xiv. 1-4a, and vv. 22-23 (which stand outside the poem, and are in a very inelegant style) to the editor who inserted the ode.3 Hitzig has expressed a similar doubt whether the song in chap. xlvii. was not itself inserted by an afterthought.

To facilitate the judgment of the reader, I append the last strophe of the prophecy, the prose introduction to the ode, and the ode itself with the prophetic appendix in a translation. Words marked with †, or verses with ††, have been emended in a greater or less degree (see RT).

1 Altor. Forschungen, pp. 193-194.

2 See Bredenkamp, Jes., pp. 94-95; Cobb, “An Examination of Isa. xiii.," Bibliotheca Sacra, 1892.

בְּנֵי נֵכָר it necessary to say

3 Geiger (Urschrift, p. 353) takes a similar view of xiv. 1, 2. He points out that is already nearly equivalent to "foreign proselyte." In lvi. 3 (see introd. to lvi. 1-8), the writer, remembering the old sense of ", thinks Besides lvi. 3, we may compare lx. 10, 14; Zech. ii. 15, viii. 21 (all post-Exilic). Moreover, y, v. 1, reminds us forcibly of Zech. i. 17, ii. 16., too, suggests Zech. ii. 15, and also Isa. lvi. 3; Esth. ix. 27. In xiv. 22, 23 notice (1) the careless rhythm, (2) the colloquialism (v. 236), and (3) ́" o, used thrice (parallel to the repetition in the late passage, lii. 3-5).