Measuring Innovation in OECD and Non-OECD Countries: Selected Seminar PapersWilliam Blankley HSRC Press, 2006 - 330 من الصفحات It is widely accepted that innovation is key to economic growth. Countries where research and innovation are high on the national agenda are best suited to prosper in the knowledge-based economy. Conversely, countries whose economies are mainly dependent on natural resources and basic industries tend to lack competitiveness and flexibility in adapting to changing global trends. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has long been concerned with the measurement of research and experimental development (R&D) and innovation activities. Under apartheid rule South Africa was barred from participating in OECD activities. Shortly after the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994 the then Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (now the Department of Science and Technology) initiated the process of applying for observer status on the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy. South Africa gained observer status in 1998. In March 2001, the Department and the OECD jointly hosted an international seminar in Pretoria on the measurement of innovation activities in OECD and non-OECD countries. This book is a collection of selected papers that were presented at the seminar by leading international and South African experts in innovation measurement. The chapters reflect various aspects of the measurement of innovation and how these measurements are applied in different countries. The volume contributes to the debate that exists between developing and developed countries on their approaches to the measurement of innovation. |
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الصفحة 138
... Manual that has hitherto attracted relatively little attention , but that is nevertheless of critical importance to improving our understanding of the innovation process , facilitating better policy design , and capturing the effect of ...
... Manual that has hitherto attracted relatively little attention , but that is nevertheless of critical importance to improving our understanding of the innovation process , facilitating better policy design , and capturing the effect of ...
الصفحة 148
... Manual definition – using a definition adopted from the Frascati Manual ( OECD 1993 ) - differs from the apparent definition in some of the Latin American surveys . The normative suggested by the Oslo Manual to measure R & D carried out ...
... Manual definition – using a definition adopted from the Frascati Manual ( OECD 1993 ) - differs from the apparent definition in some of the Latin American surveys . The normative suggested by the Oslo Manual to measure R & D carried out ...
الصفحة 156
... Manual de Bogotá . OAS - RICYT - CYTED . López , A. & Lugones , G. 1997. El proceso de innovación tecnológica en ... Frascati Manual . Paris : OECD . OECD . 1997. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological ...
... Manual de Bogotá . OAS - RICYT - CYTED . López , A. & Lugones , G. 1997. El proceso de innovación tecnológica en ... Frascati Manual . Paris : OECD . OECD . 1997. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological ...
الصفحة 167
... Frascati Manual ( the OECD's Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development ) ( OECD 1993 ) and the Oslo Manual ( the OECD's Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation ...
... Frascati Manual ( the OECD's Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Experimental Development ) ( OECD 1993 ) and the Oslo Manual ( the OECD's Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation ...
الصفحة 171
... Manual provides the necessary framework for any development on this subject , not only because it incorporates extremely fruitful discussions and experiences gathered by the OECD , both before and after the Frascati Manual , but also ...
... Manual provides the necessary framework for any development on this subject , not only because it incorporates extremely fruitful discussions and experiences gathered by the OECD , both before and after the Frascati Manual , but also ...
عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
Africa analysis Argentina assessment Bogotá Central and Eastern Colombia companies comparability competitive context creativity developing countries economic effort employees engineering enterprises European Eurostat exports external factors Figure Frascati Manual Global Competitiveness Report growth identify impact important improved industry innovation data innovation expenditure innovation finance innovation indicators innovation process innovation survey data innovation surveys innovation systems innovative activities innovative firms inputs institutions interaction investment issues knowledge Latin American surveys linkages linked manufacturing sector measure n/a n/a n/a National Innovation Systems networks non-innovators OECD organisations Oslo Manual output patents percentage policy-makers problems questionnaire questions R&D expenditure Redelinghuys region relationship response role sample service sector Shaanxi share of innovative sources South African specific statistical strategies system of innovation Tanzania technical technological change technological innovation Technology Top 100 turnover variables Venezuela venture capital