Measuring Innovation in OECD and Non-OECD Countries: Selected Seminar PapersWilliam Blankley HSRC Press, 2006 - 330 من الصفحات It is widely accepted that innovation is key to economic growth. Countries where research and innovation are high on the national agenda are best suited to prosper in the knowledge-based economy. Conversely, countries whose economies are mainly dependent on natural resources and basic industries tend to lack competitiveness and flexibility in adapting to changing global trends. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has long been concerned with the measurement of research and experimental development (R&D) and innovation activities. Under apartheid rule South Africa was barred from participating in OECD activities. Shortly after the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994 the then Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology (now the Department of Science and Technology) initiated the process of applying for observer status on the OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy. South Africa gained observer status in 1998. In March 2001, the Department and the OECD jointly hosted an international seminar in Pretoria on the measurement of innovation activities in OECD and non-OECD countries. This book is a collection of selected papers that were presented at the seminar by leading international and South African experts in innovation measurement. The chapters reflect various aspects of the measurement of innovation and how these measurements are applied in different countries. The volume contributes to the debate that exists between developing and developed countries on their approaches to the measurement of innovation. |
من داخل الكتاب
النتائج 1-5 من 5
الصفحة 84
... expenditure ' was found to vary from in excess of 30 % for the chemicals industry , to below 5 % for the electronics industry ( see Figure 6.1 ) . The chemicals industry has a higher ' wasted ... R&D spending by industry for 2000 (USA only)
... expenditure ' was found to vary from in excess of 30 % for the chemicals industry , to below 5 % for the electronics industry ( see Figure 6.1 ) . The chemicals industry has a higher ' wasted ... R&D spending by industry for 2000 (USA only)
الصفحة 86
... expenditure on an annual basis , and have good records of revenue by product type . The requirement to report these data to a central registry will not be difficult to achieve . Figure 6.2 Comparison of best - in - class companies with ...
... expenditure on an annual basis , and have good records of revenue by product type . The requirement to report these data to a central registry will not be difficult to achieve . Figure 6.2 Comparison of best - in - class companies with ...
الصفحة 203
... expenditure on manufacturing 80 8888 70 60 FD FIN S Share of R & D in innovation expenditure 59 50 40 30 20 10 ше B ... R&D in innovation expenditure manufacturing 3 Innovation intensity versus percentage of innovators in manufacturing (1996)
... expenditure on manufacturing 80 8888 70 60 FD FIN S Share of R & D in innovation expenditure 59 50 40 30 20 10 ше B ... R&D in innovation expenditure manufacturing 3 Innovation intensity versus percentage of innovators in manufacturing (1996)
الصفحة 281
... research base . As adjudication is based on information gathered during a focus interview , a contextual framework to guide the discussion was required . This framework is shown schematically below . Three main areas of importance make ...
... research base . As adjudication is based on information gathered during a focus interview , a contextual framework to guide the discussion was required . This framework is shown schematically below . Three main areas of importance make ...
الصفحة 291
... expenditure on R & D , it is encouraging to note that the majority of the Technology Top 100 organisations spend far in excess of international norms . From a macro South African perspective ... R&D expenditure as a percentage of turnover.
... expenditure on R & D , it is encouraging to note that the majority of the Technology Top 100 organisations spend far in excess of international norms . From a macro South African perspective ... R&D expenditure as a percentage of turnover.
عبارات ومصطلحات مألوفة
Africa analysis Argentina assessment Bogotá Central and Eastern Colombia companies comparability competitive context creativity developing countries economic effort employees engineering enterprises European Eurostat exports external factors Figure Frascati Manual Global Competitiveness Report growth identify impact important improved industry innovation data innovation expenditure innovation finance innovation indicators innovation process innovation survey data innovation surveys innovation systems innovative activities innovative firms inputs institutions interaction investment issues knowledge Latin American surveys linkages linked manufacturing sector measure n/a n/a n/a National Innovation Systems networks non-innovators OECD organisations Oslo Manual output patents percentage policy-makers problems questionnaire questions R&D expenditure Redelinghuys region relationship response role sample service sector Shaanxi share of innovative sources South African specific statistical strategies system of innovation Tanzania technical technological change technological innovation Technology Top 100 turnover variables Venezuela venture capital